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Artificial intelligence (AI) is revolutionizing nearly every aspect of our lives in all industries, driving the transformation of technology from development to consumption and reshaping how we work, communicate, and interact. On the other hand, the Internet of Things (IoT) connects everyday objects to the internet, enabling a network of interconnected devices that adds additional improved efficiency and enhanced convenience in our lives.
The union of AI and IoT, known as AIoT, integrates AI capabilities into IoT devices and is further poised to change our lives and drive the semiconductor industry's expansion in the foreseeable future. AIoT devices can analyze and interpret data in real-time, enabling smart decisions, autonomously adapting to observed conditions. Promising heightened intelligence, connectivity, and device interactivity, AIoT is capable of handling vast data volumes without needing to rely on cloud-based processing methods.
Within AIoT devices, AI seamlessly integrates into infrastructure components, including programs and chipsets, all interconnected via IoT networks. From smart cities to smart homes and industrial automation, AIoT applications require real-time data processing that is powered by high-capacity on-chip memories, compute power, and minimal power consumption.
Read on to learn more about the opportunities and challenges of AIoT applications at the edge as well as 草榴社区 IP on TSMC’s N12e process and how it supports pervasive AI at the edge.
AIoT Applications at the Edge
AI is truly everywhere and can be found in data centers, cars, and high-end compute devices. However, processing data at or close to the source of information complements the cloud-based AI approach and allows for the immediate processing of data and speedy results for optimal service, more personalized functions to the user, protection of information/additional privacy, and additional reliability.
Everything from smartwatches, security cameras, smart fridges, automation-enabled factory machinery, smart traffic lights, and more are considered AIoT devices. Each of these devices is unique in some way which requires chip designers to find the right balance between performance, power usage, and cost.
For an application like smart cities, low power is the much bigger factor (although performance can’t be completely ignored). For example, think about a smart streetlamp with sensing capabilities that are programmed to come on at sunset and sunrise. With an average streetlamp measuring around 30 feet tall, changing out a burnt-out light bulb and any other components becomes a larger, more costly, and more time-consuming task. Also, controlling the time the lights are on at night at a lower strength creates a more cost-effective as well as environmentally friendly approach, and reduces the light pollution that these streetlamps usually cause. That’s why designing these smart devices to take up as little power as possible for years of use is so important; it extends the life of the streetlamp and enables a smart City environment.
Additionally, minimizing power consumption naturally leads to a smaller cost, size, and weight. It can also help to maximize the user experience, increase the silicon reliability, maximize the lifespan of the IoT device, and lessen environmental impact. Overall, AIoT applications are driving demand for high-performance and low-latency memory interfaces on low leakage nodes.
AIoT Products and Their Corresponding Power-Saving Approach
Many different power-saving approaches can be built into the IP and, ultimately, the chip depending on how the AIoT device is charged.
- Battery-Powered: Sensors that detect water, fire/smoke, intruders, etc. are idle until the alarm/camera/Wi-fi trigger is detected. Many times, the entire sensor needs to be replaced after the job is finished. External power gating (read more on that below) is the best solution. Other battery-powered applications such as door locks and key fobs allow for battery replacement and may require USB 1.1/2.0 connectivity with a power island from Vbus, and NVM.
- Battery-Powered with Energy Harvesting: Examples of this type might include doorbells, security cameras, environment sensors, price tagging, remote controls, and more. MAC IIP opportunities to address these products involve CSI for Camera, M-PHY or eMMC for storage, SPI/PCIe for Wi-Fi, DSI for display, and USB 2.0 for advanced products to assist with charging and firmware download.
- Portable: Users charge these products when/if needed based on use-case. For instance, wearables, personal infotainment devices, audio headsets, e-readers, etc. need to be charged every few days to several weeks depending on how often they are used. For other devices like laptops and phones, it is mandatory to save power when they are not connected to an external power source. This means requiring a fast sleep/resume and power gating if applicable.
- Stationary: Devices that facilitate home networking, home automation, and security, as well as home hubs like Alexa Echo Show or Google Nest are either powered most of the time in a docking station or need to be plugged in all the time with battery backup for keeping settings. The ability to fast sleep/resume and DVFS are both useful for saving power.
TSMC N12e Process & AIoT
The semiconductor industry has considered 16nm and 12nm “long nodes” (or nodes that will be around for many, many years to come) for consumer, IoT, wireless, and certain automotive applications. These nodes can leverage AI because they have great performance using the FinFet process but are also cost-effective and low power.
TSMC has made investments to boost performance and power in these nodes, making them even more appealing for power-conscious designs. For example, N12e offers a device boost for higher density with good performance/power tradeoffs and ultra-low leakage static random access memory (SRAMs).
Not only does this provide approximately 15% power savings and the memory required to process all that data at the edge, but it is also compatible with existing design rules to minimize IP investment. That’s where 草榴社区 comes in.
草榴社区 IP reduces leakage even further through a variety of different techniques:
- Power Gating: This technique can be used from an active state or a disabled or “turned-off state.” An active state requires retention/restoring such that it is possible to save the state the IP is currently at once power gating is exited. To use this mode, circuits such as always-on domain retention and power control logic are required. Entering power gating from a disabled state requires IP that supports power collapsing and needs to be restarted after power gating is exited.
- Voltage Scaling: IP is also available to scale the voltage down in order to reduce the leakage consumption. There are two types of voltage scaling — dynamic voltage and frequency scaling. With frequency scaling, IP is still performing functional activities but the voltage is reduced in order to meet timing requirements.
- Retention: In this technique, voltage is reduced to a level where registers still hold their current value but it is expected that the IP is not performing functional activity. This means that there is no toggling, IDLE mode, or setup/hold sign-off.
The IP used to design AIoT chips must be versatile in order to support the many different use cases and applications that are powered by N12e process and other low power nodes. Higher-performance chips require a more sophisticated low-power strategy using the various techniques described above.
As AIoT devices become even more prevalent in our homes, workplaces, and cities, 草榴社区 and TSMC will continue to develop even more sophisticated high-performance, low-power solutions to fuel further innovation in this space.
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4 min read
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Nov 18, 2024
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